Recurrent cystitis is most often caused by a type of bacteria called E. coli, the leading cause of all urinary tract infections. About 25-50% of all young, healthy women who suffer their first infection will develop a second one within 6 months. Although the risk for cystitis increases with age, the incidence of recurrent infections is only about 10-20% for people over 60.

Risk factors for recurrent infections include sexual intercourse with multiple partners, use of spermicidal agents, genetic factors including a family history of recurrent infections, first infection at a young age, and certain anatomic abnormalities of the female pelvis. Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for the development of urinary tract infections and may contribute to their recurrence.