Malignant hyperthermia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait (it requires only one affected parent for a child inherit the condition). It may be associated with muscular diseases such as muscular dystrophy and central core disease.

Malignant hyperthermia is often noted for the first time during administration of anesthesia. The anesthetized patient rapidly develops a high fever and muscle rigidity. During these episodes, muscle tissue is destroyed and break-down products of muscle may damage the kidneys and cause acute renal failure. The urine may turn dark due to released muscle pigments (see rhabdomyolysis).

Malignant hyperthermia can be fatal if not treated immediately. It can be prevented by administration of appropriate drugs before anesthesia.